Education System in Indonesia
Keywords:
History of education, education systemAbstract
Education is a fundamental aspect of national development and improving the quality of human resources. The history of education in Indonesia has undergone significant changes since the colonial era to the modern era. The method used in this research is qualitative literature with a historical approach. Data analysis uses literature review techniques. During the Dutch colonial period, access to education was very limited and was only given to the native elite to meet the labor needs of the colonial government. The policy of educational dualism during the Dutch colonial period was a policy that differentiated education for Europeans and natives. This policy was applied in various aspects, such as curriculum, language of instruction, facilities, and opportunities to continue education. These inequalities resulted in social and economic disparities that continued after Indonesia's independence. After the proclamation of independence in 1945, the government began to expand access to education by establishing primary and secondary schools in various regions. In the New Order era, the education system was more centralized with a curriculum that emphasized the values of nationalism and state ideology. In the Reform Era, the education system faced new challenges, such as the gap in facilities between urban and rural areas, limited financial resources, and the demand to adapt to educational developments.
References
Abdi Ridhotullah, N., Nurmina, & Ifendi, M. (2024). Pendidikan Islam Pada Masa Penjajahan Belanda. PANDU : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Dan Pendidikan Umum, 2(4), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.59966/pandu.v2i4.1380
Adibah, I. Z. (2021). Dinamika Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Di Indonesia Pada Masa Orde Baru (1966-1998). INSPIRASI (Jurnal Kajian Dan Penelitian Pendidikan Islam), 4(2), 110. https://doi.org/10.61689/inspirasi.v4i2.194
Akmal, F., Guspita, R., & Hafis, A. (2024). Principal Management in Improving Infrastructure in Junior High Schools. Khalaqa: Journal of Education and Learning, 2(1), 87–94.
Alam, L. (2020). Kontestasi Kebijakan Pendidikan Islam Di Era Orde Baru Dan Reformasi. Ruhama : Islamic Education Journal, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31869/ruhama.v3i2.2223
Amelia, U. (2023). Tantangan Pembelajaran Era Society 5.0 dalam Perspektif Manajemen Pendidikan. Al-Marsus : Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.30983/al-marsus.v1i1.6415
Amiri, M. H., & Ahmadi, B. (2023). Investigating the Status of Women’s Education under Taliban Rule. International Journal of Islamic Studies Higher Education, 2(3), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.24036/insight.v2i3.150
Anwar, S. (2019). Kebijakan Pemerintah Terhadap Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia (Zaman Orde Baru dan Reformasi). Al-I’tibar : Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 6(2), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.30599/jpia.v6i2.643
Datumula, S. (2021). Peraturan Kebijakan Pendidikan Di Indonesia Pada Masa Orde Lama, Orde Baru, Reformasi, Dan Kabinet Kerja. Moderasi: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 1(2), 56–78. https://doi.org/10.24239/moderasi.vol1.iss2.27
Dedi Presli Halawa, Magdalena Susanti Telaumbanua, & Derman Buulolo. (2023). Perbandingan Sistem Pendidikan Indonesia Dan Jepang. Ndrumi : Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.57094/ndrumi.v6i1.807
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Masuwd, M. A., Rahman, I., Datres, D., Taufan, M., Akmal, F., Dasrizal, D., Oktavia, G., Yusrial, Y., & Febriani, A. (2025). Challenges and Steps in Living Quran and Hadith Research: An Introduction. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA, 8(3), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v8i3.396
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Sarianto, D., Ayad, N., Rahman, A., Febriani, A., & Rahman, I. (2024). Analysis of Quran Education Problems in Majority Muslim Countries. International Journal of Islamic Studies Higher Education, 3(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.24036/insight.v3i1.209
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Taufan, M., Rahman, I., Oktavia, G., & Guspita, R. (2023). Quran Teacher: Future Profession or Devotion to the Ummah? International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA, 6(4), 196–210. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v6i4.321
Engkizar, E., Muslim, H., Mulyadi, I., & Putra, Y. A. (2025). Ten Criteria for an Ideal Teacher to Memorize the Quran. Journal of Theory and Research Memorization Quran, 1(1), 26–39. https://joqer.intischolar.id/index.php/joqer
Fadhila, S. S., & Miftah, M. (2024). Sejarah Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia Pasca Orde Baru dan Tantangannya Menghadapi Era Disrupsi. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.21154/maalim.v5i1.9210
Febrianti, I., Tuffahati, J., Rifai, A., Affandi, R. H., Pradita, S., Akmalia, R., & Siahaan, A. (2023). Pengaruh Penggunaan Teknologi Informasi Dalam Manajemen Perencanaan Pendidikan Untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Pendidikan. Academy of Education Journal, 14(2), 506–522. https://doi.org/10.47200/aoej.v14i2.1763
Fitria, E. (2024). Komparasi Sistem Pendidikan Finlandia dan Singapura. Jurnal Genesis Indonesia, 3(01), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.56741/jgi.v3i01.501
Fitriani, F., Syafrizal, S., Aftika, A., Nurdianna, N., Putri, B. I., Guspita, R., & Alias, M. F. Bin. (2023). The Role of Parents in Overcoming Moral Crisis in the Household. Suluah Pasaman, 1(2), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.70588/suluahpasaman.v1i2.134
Guspita, R., Azzahra, F., & Albizar, A. (2025). Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence in Quranic Learning: Innovation or Threat? Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 73–89.
Guspita, R., Rahman, A., Burhanuddin, B., & Fajriani, S. (2025). Problematics of Arabic Language Learning: Case studies in Islamic Educational Institutions. Journal of Arabic Literature, Teaching and Learning, 1(1), 14–27.
Herdiansyah, D., & Kurniati, P. S. (2020). Pembangunan Sektor Pendidikan Sebagai Penunjang Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Di Kota Bandung. Jurnal Agregasi : Aksi Reformasi Government Dalam Demokrasi, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.34010/agregasi.v8i1.2765
Ichsan, Y. (2021). Implikasi Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia pada Zaman Orde Lama, Baru, dan Reformasi. Tarbawy : Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(2), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.32923/tarbawy.v8i2.1753
Ikhlas, R. Z., Ulwi, K., & Patri, P. (2025). Arabic Language Program Management for Muhadatsah Class. Journal of Arabic Literature, Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 27–37.
Istiqamah, R. N., Putra, A. Y., Nasra, A., & Guspita, R. (2024). Learning the Book of Ta’lim Al-Muta’allim at the Islamic Boarding School. Suluah Pasaman, 2(2), 40–50.
Kamalasari, D., Zalnur, M., & Masyhudi, F. (2024). The Case of Dutch and Japanese Colonial Political Policies on Islamic Education in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research, 2(4), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.69693/ijim.v2i4.215
Lutfiya, H., Uliya, H., MartafiaPutri, I., & Ngadhimah, M. (2025). Sejarah Sistem Pendidikan Indonesia: Masa Penjajahan, Masa Kemerdekaan, Masa Reformasi-Sekarang. Khulasah : Islamic Studies Journal, 7(2), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.55656/kisj.v7i2.420
M. Wahib MH, Slamet Abadi, Khalifaturrohmah, Aang Abdullah Zein, & Tri Novia. (2022). Studi Historis Perkembangan Sistem Pendidikan Di Indonesia. Al-Afkar, Journal For Islamic Studies, 5(4), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.31943/afkarjournal.v5i4.336
Muhammad Fakhriansyah, & Intan Ranti Permatasari Patoni. (2019). Akses Pendidikan bagi Pribumi pada Periode Etis (1901-1930). Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 8(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.21009/jps.082.03
Mustafa, N. N. B., Elita, R., Guspita, R., & Vanessa, A. D. (2025). Tahfidz Teachers’ Strategies in Improving the Memorization Skills of Slow Learners. Al-Hashif: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pendidikan Islam, 3(1), 12–24.
Nirmala, Z., & Zalnur, M. (2023). Studi Kritis Tentang Kebijakan Pemerintahan Orde Lama, Orde Baru, Dan Era Reformasi Terhadap Pendidikan Islam. Religion: Jurnal Agama, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 1(6), 1404–1423. https://doi.org/10.55606/religion.v1i6.875
Nuha, N. U., Faridi, A., & Tobroni, T. (2024). Implementation of the Context, Input, Process, Product Model in Evaluating Islamic Education Institutions. … Studies Higher Education, 3(Query date: 2025-05-11 21:48:1211 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6440869889328205696&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=2007&hl=en). https://doi.org/10.24036/insight.v3i3.195
Nurwahyuni, K., & Hudaidah, H. (2021). Sejarah Sistem Pendidikan di Indonesia dari Masa ke Masa. Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan, 1(2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.51214/bip.v1i2.91
Putra Daulay, H., Dahlan, Z., Priono, A., & Lubis, A. P. (2021). Kolonialisme dan Dikotomi Pendidikan di Indonesia. Islamic Education, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.57251/ie.v1i1.10
Rahawarin, Y., Pelupessy, P. J., Haulusy, R. R., Rumlus, C. O. M., & Talaperuw, J. (2024). Community Perceptions of the Education Zoning System in Ambon City Maluku. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA), 7(4 SE-Articles), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v7i4.279
Sanga, L. D., & Wangdra, Y. (2023). Pendidikan Adalah Faktor Penentu Daya Saing Bangsa. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Sosial dan Teknologi (SNISTEK) (Vol. 5, pp. 84–90). https://doi.org/10.33884/psnistek.v5i.8067
Setiyorini, S. R., & Setiawan, D. (2023). Perkembangan Kurikulum Terhadap Kualitas Pendidikan di Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 1(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.47134/jtp.v1i1.27
Shofa, A. M. A., Alfaqi, M. Z., Habibi, M. M., & Mawarti, R. A. (2020). Sejarah Panjang Pendidikan Karakter di Indonesia Pada Era Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Sampai Era Reformasi. Jurnal Rontal Keilmuan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan, 6(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.29100/jr.v6i1.1660
Sinaga, R., Aruan, F. F., Charisma, I. F., & Sinaga, Y. S. (2024). Pengaruh Kebijakan Pendidikan Belanda Terhadap Struktur Sosial Lokal. AR-RUMMAN: Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation, 1(2), 294–300. https://doi.org/10.57235/arrumman.v1i2.3999
Soraya, Z. (2020). Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter untuk Membangun Peradaban Bangsa. Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education Management, 1(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.21154/sajiem.v1i1.10
Uldiman, U., Kaema, M. T., Kenedi, G., Arief, A., Suanti, L., & Mutathahirin, M. (2024). Islamic Educational Reformation of Abdullah Ahmad in Education System in Indonesia. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA, 7(3), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v3i2.168
Wurdianto, K., Juwita, D. R., Wisman, Y., & Bernisa, B. (2024). Sistem Pendidikan Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Kanderang Tingang, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37304/jikt.v15i1.293
Yuniendel, R. K. (2024). Jejak Kolonialisme Dalam Pendidikan Islam Di Indonesia: Dari Tantangan Hingga Transisi. Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 15(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v9i04.20024
References
Abdi Ridhotullah, N., Nurmina, & Ifendi, M. (2024). Pendidikan Islam Pada Masa Penjajahan Belanda. PANDU : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Dan Pendidikan Umum, 2(4), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.59966/pandu.v2i4.1380
Adibah, I. Z. (2021). Dinamika Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Di Indonesia Pada Masa Orde Baru (1966-1998). INSPIRASI (Jurnal Kajian Dan Penelitian Pendidikan Islam), 4(2), 110. https://doi.org/10.61689/inspirasi.v4i2.194
Akmal, F., Guspita, R., & Hafis, A. (2024). Principal Management in Improving Infrastructure in Junior High Schools. Khalaqa: Journal of Education and Learning, 2(1), 87–94.
Alam, L. (2020). Kontestasi Kebijakan Pendidikan Islam Di Era Orde Baru Dan Reformasi. Ruhama : Islamic Education Journal, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31869/ruhama.v3i2.2223
Amelia, U. (2023). Tantangan Pembelajaran Era Society 5.0 dalam Perspektif Manajemen Pendidikan. Al-Marsus : Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.30983/al-marsus.v1i1.6415
Amiri, M. H., & Ahmadi, B. (2023). Investigating the Status of Women’s Education under Taliban Rule. International Journal of Islamic Studies Higher Education, 2(3), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.24036/insight.v2i3.150
Anwar, S. (2019). Kebijakan Pemerintah Terhadap Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia (Zaman Orde Baru dan Reformasi). Al-I’tibar : Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 6(2), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.30599/jpia.v6i2.643
Datumula, S. (2021). Peraturan Kebijakan Pendidikan Di Indonesia Pada Masa Orde Lama, Orde Baru, Reformasi, Dan Kabinet Kerja. Moderasi: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 1(2), 56–78. https://doi.org/10.24239/moderasi.vol1.iss2.27
Dedi Presli Halawa, Magdalena Susanti Telaumbanua, & Derman Buulolo. (2023). Perbandingan Sistem Pendidikan Indonesia Dan Jepang. Ndrumi : Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.57094/ndrumi.v6i1.807
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Masuwd, M. A., Rahman, I., Datres, D., Taufan, M., Akmal, F., Dasrizal, D., Oktavia, G., Yusrial, Y., & Febriani, A. (2025). Challenges and Steps in Living Quran and Hadith Research: An Introduction. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA, 8(3), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v8i3.396
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Sarianto, D., Ayad, N., Rahman, A., Febriani, A., & Rahman, I. (2024). Analysis of Quran Education Problems in Majority Muslim Countries. International Journal of Islamic Studies Higher Education, 3(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.24036/insight.v3i1.209
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Taufan, M., Rahman, I., Oktavia, G., & Guspita, R. (2023). Quran Teacher: Future Profession or Devotion to the Ummah? International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA, 6(4), 196–210. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v6i4.321
Engkizar, E., Muslim, H., Mulyadi, I., & Putra, Y. A. (2025). Ten Criteria for an Ideal Teacher to Memorize the Quran. Journal of Theory and Research Memorization Quran, 1(1), 26–39. https://joqer.intischolar.id/index.php/joqer
Fadhila, S. S., & Miftah, M. (2024). Sejarah Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia Pasca Orde Baru dan Tantangannya Menghadapi Era Disrupsi. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.21154/maalim.v5i1.9210
Febrianti, I., Tuffahati, J., Rifai, A., Affandi, R. H., Pradita, S., Akmalia, R., & Siahaan, A. (2023). Pengaruh Penggunaan Teknologi Informasi Dalam Manajemen Perencanaan Pendidikan Untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Pendidikan. Academy of Education Journal, 14(2), 506–522. https://doi.org/10.47200/aoej.v14i2.1763
Fitria, E. (2024). Komparasi Sistem Pendidikan Finlandia dan Singapura. Jurnal Genesis Indonesia, 3(01), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.56741/jgi.v3i01.501
Fitriani, F., Syafrizal, S., Aftika, A., Nurdianna, N., Putri, B. I., Guspita, R., & Alias, M. F. Bin. (2023). The Role of Parents in Overcoming Moral Crisis in the Household. Suluah Pasaman, 1(2), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.70588/suluahpasaman.v1i2.134
Guspita, R., Azzahra, F., & Albizar, A. (2025). Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence in Quranic Learning: Innovation or Threat? Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 73–89.
Guspita, R., Rahman, A., Burhanuddin, B., & Fajriani, S. (2025). Problematics of Arabic Language Learning: Case studies in Islamic Educational Institutions. Journal of Arabic Literature, Teaching and Learning, 1(1), 14–27.
Herdiansyah, D., & Kurniati, P. S. (2020). Pembangunan Sektor Pendidikan Sebagai Penunjang Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Di Kota Bandung. Jurnal Agregasi : Aksi Reformasi Government Dalam Demokrasi, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.34010/agregasi.v8i1.2765
Ichsan, Y. (2021). Implikasi Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia pada Zaman Orde Lama, Baru, dan Reformasi. Tarbawy : Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(2), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.32923/tarbawy.v8i2.1753
Ikhlas, R. Z., Ulwi, K., & Patri, P. (2025). Arabic Language Program Management for Muhadatsah Class. Journal of Arabic Literature, Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 27–37.
Istiqamah, R. N., Putra, A. Y., Nasra, A., & Guspita, R. (2024). Learning the Book of Ta’lim Al-Muta’allim at the Islamic Boarding School. Suluah Pasaman, 2(2), 40–50.
Kamalasari, D., Zalnur, M., & Masyhudi, F. (2024). The Case of Dutch and Japanese Colonial Political Policies on Islamic Education in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research, 2(4), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.69693/ijim.v2i4.215
Lutfiya, H., Uliya, H., MartafiaPutri, I., & Ngadhimah, M. (2025). Sejarah Sistem Pendidikan Indonesia: Masa Penjajahan, Masa Kemerdekaan, Masa Reformasi-Sekarang. Khulasah : Islamic Studies Journal, 7(2), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.55656/kisj.v7i2.420
M. Wahib MH, Slamet Abadi, Khalifaturrohmah, Aang Abdullah Zein, & Tri Novia. (2022). Studi Historis Perkembangan Sistem Pendidikan Di Indonesia. Al-Afkar, Journal For Islamic Studies, 5(4), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.31943/afkarjournal.v5i4.336
Muhammad Fakhriansyah, & Intan Ranti Permatasari Patoni. (2019). Akses Pendidikan bagi Pribumi pada Periode Etis (1901-1930). Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 8(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.21009/jps.082.03
Mustafa, N. N. B., Elita, R., Guspita, R., & Vanessa, A. D. (2025). Tahfidz Teachers’ Strategies in Improving the Memorization Skills of Slow Learners. Al-Hashif: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pendidikan Islam, 3(1), 12–24.
Nirmala, Z., & Zalnur, M. (2023). Studi Kritis Tentang Kebijakan Pemerintahan Orde Lama, Orde Baru, Dan Era Reformasi Terhadap Pendidikan Islam. Religion: Jurnal Agama, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 1(6), 1404–1423. https://doi.org/10.55606/religion.v1i6.875
Nuha, N. U., Faridi, A., & Tobroni, T. (2024). Implementation of the Context, Input, Process, Product Model in Evaluating Islamic Education Institutions. … Studies Higher Education, 3(Query date: 2025-05-11 21:48:1211 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6440869889328205696&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=2007&hl=en). https://doi.org/10.24036/insight.v3i3.195
Nurwahyuni, K., & Hudaidah, H. (2021). Sejarah Sistem Pendidikan di Indonesia dari Masa ke Masa. Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan, 1(2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.51214/bip.v1i2.91
Putra Daulay, H., Dahlan, Z., Priono, A., & Lubis, A. P. (2021). Kolonialisme dan Dikotomi Pendidikan di Indonesia. Islamic Education, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.57251/ie.v1i1.10
Rahawarin, Y., Pelupessy, P. J., Haulusy, R. R., Rumlus, C. O. M., & Talaperuw, J. (2024). Community Perceptions of the Education Zoning System in Ambon City Maluku. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA), 7(4 SE-Articles), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v7i4.279
Sanga, L. D., & Wangdra, Y. (2023). Pendidikan Adalah Faktor Penentu Daya Saing Bangsa. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Sosial dan Teknologi (SNISTEK) (Vol. 5, pp. 84–90). https://doi.org/10.33884/psnistek.v5i.8067
Setiyorini, S. R., & Setiawan, D. (2023). Perkembangan Kurikulum Terhadap Kualitas Pendidikan di Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 1(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.47134/jtp.v1i1.27
Shofa, A. M. A., Alfaqi, M. Z., Habibi, M. M., & Mawarti, R. A. (2020). Sejarah Panjang Pendidikan Karakter di Indonesia Pada Era Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Sampai Era Reformasi. Jurnal Rontal Keilmuan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan, 6(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.29100/jr.v6i1.1660
Sinaga, R., Aruan, F. F., Charisma, I. F., & Sinaga, Y. S. (2024). Pengaruh Kebijakan Pendidikan Belanda Terhadap Struktur Sosial Lokal. AR-RUMMAN: Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation, 1(2), 294–300. https://doi.org/10.57235/arrumman.v1i2.3999
Soraya, Z. (2020). Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter untuk Membangun Peradaban Bangsa. Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education Management, 1(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.21154/sajiem.v1i1.10
Uldiman, U., Kaema, M. T., Kenedi, G., Arief, A., Suanti, L., & Mutathahirin, M. (2024). Islamic Educational Reformation of Abdullah Ahmad in Education System in Indonesia. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA, 7(3), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v3i2.168
Wurdianto, K., Juwita, D. R., Wisman, Y., & Bernisa, B. (2024). Sistem Pendidikan Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Kanderang Tingang, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37304/jikt.v15i1.293
Yuniendel, R. K. (2024). Jejak Kolonialisme Dalam Pendidikan Islam Di Indonesia: Dari Tantangan Hingga Transisi. Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 15(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v9i04.20024
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