Maqasid al-Shariah as a Framework for Developing Critical Thinking in Islamic Higher Education
Keywords:
Maqasid al-Shariah, critical thinking, Islamic education, pedagogyAbstract
This study investigates the impact of teaching Maqasid al-Shariah on the development of critical thinking skills among undergraduate students in the Departments of Law and Islamic Studies at the University of Benghazi. A sample of 100 students, comprising 72 females and 28 males from the third to the eighth semester, participated in the study through a structured questionnaire. The instrument measured four dimensions: knowledge and understanding of Maqasid, application in learning contexts, critical thinking skills, and perceived challenges and opportunities. Descriptive and inferential analyses revealed that while students demonstrated a strong conceptual knowledge of Maqasid, their ability to apply these principles in academic and reallife situations was moderate. The findings also indicated that Maqasid supports the development of critical thinking, though pedagogical limitations, such as reliance on memorization, obstruct its full potential. Students overwhelmingly highlighted the need for more practical training and innovative teaching strategies, but they also recognized Maqasid as a promising bridge between Islamic tradition and contemporary intellectual challenges. The study concludes that integrating Maqasid al-Shariah into pedagogy through active learning approaches can enhance both academic performance and critical reasoning skills. Recommendations are offered for curriculum reform, faculty development, and the adoption of student-centered teaching methods.
References
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Akmal, F., Guspita, R., & Hafis, A. (2024). Principal Management in Improving Infrastructure in Junior High Schools. Khalaqa: Journal of Education and Learning, 2(1), 87–94.
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Alriteemi, A., Mowafg Masuwd, Masoud, M., Alsayd, A., Aboujanah, Y., Alrumayh, S., & Ayad, N. (2025). The Geography of Place in the Qur’anic Narrative: A Hermeneutical Study of the Story of Moses and Al-Khidr through the Lenses of Philosophical Symbolism and Pedagogical Perception. Tebuireng: Journal of Islamic Studies and Society, 6(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.33752/tjiss.v6i1.9813
Alrumayh, S., Ayad, N., Alouzi, K., Ibrahim, D., Abdullah, M., Masoud, M., & Kasheem, M. (2025). Perceptions of Islamic Studies, Sharia, and Law Students Towards the Use of Artificial Intelligence in English Learning. Action Research Journal Indonesia (ARJI), 7(3), 2238 – 2256. https://doi.org/10.61227/arji.v7i3.504
Alsayd, A., Masoud, M., Abdullah, M., Alzletni, N., Maati, A., Barka, A., & Baroud, N. (2025). Postgraduate Students’ Usage Patterns, Perceptions, and Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence Applications in Learning: A Case Study of the University of Zawia, Libya. Journal of Education and Teacher Training Innovation, 3(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.61227/jetti.v3i1.149
Baroud, N., Ardila, Y., Akmal, F., & Sabrina, R. (2025). Opportunities and Challenges for Islamic Education Teachers in Using Artificial Intelligence in Learning. Muaddib: Journal of Islamic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 1–11.
Cholidi, M. F., & Masuwd, M. A. (2025). Evaluating Tafsir Maqāṣidī As A Framework For Ecological Crisis Moderation. ZAD Al-Mufassirin, 7(1), 54–74. https://doi.org/10.55759/zam.v7i1.261
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Alias, M., Guspita, B., & Albizar, R. (2025). Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence in Qur’anic Learning: Innovation or Threat? Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 1–17. https://joqer.intischolar.id/index.php/joqer/index
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Masuwd, M. A., Rahman, I., Datres, D., Taufan, M., Akmal, F., Dasrizal, D., Oktavia, G., Yusrial, Y., & Febriani, A. (2025). Challenges and Steps in Living Quran and Hadith Research: An Introduction. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA, 8(3), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v8i3.396
Engkizar, E., K, M., Kaputra, S., Arifin, Z., Syafril, S., Anwar, F., & Mutathahirin, M. (2021). Building of Family-based Islamic Character for Children in Tablighi Jamaat Community. Ta’dib, 24(2), 299. https://doi.org/10.31958/jt.v24i2.4847
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Faddhia, N., Alias, M. F. ., & Urfa, W. (2025). The effect of hot seat strategy on the 1st intermediate students’ Reading comprehension. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(5), 1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.18844/CJES.V15I5.5153
Febriani, A., Miftahurrahmah, M., Pajaria, S. A., & Nurhaliza, S. (2020). Six Motivations for Students to Take Tutoring. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA), 3(3), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v3i3.192
Hajijah, A., Nasution, M., Hasibuan, N. A. P., Hilda, L., & Baroud, N. Y. (2025). Fostering Critical Thinking through Socio-Scientific Issue-Based Problem-Based Learning in Stoichiometry Instruction. JTK (Jurnal Tadris Kimiya), 10(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.15575/jtk.v10i1.43992
Hasanuddin, Masuwd, M., Ridwan, M., Mustamin, S. W., Saleh, M., & Fitrayani. (2024). Legal Reform of Consumer Privacy Rights Protection in Online Transactions Based on Islamic Economic Law Principles. Jurnal Hukum Islam, 22(2), 313–342. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v22i2.03
Htay, S. S., Po, E. T. H., & Kaewkanlaya, P. (2025). Building Student Character through Worship in Elementary Schools. Muaddib: Journal of Islamic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 55–63.
Husayn, E., Alrumayh, S., Kasheem, M., Ibrahim, D., Alouzi, K., Shalghoum, N., & Almajri, S. (2025). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Knowledge Management: Faculty Perspectives from the University of Zawia’s Faculties of Economics, Management, and Law. Journal of Education and Teacher Training Innovation, 3(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.61227/jetti.v3i1.163
Husin, H., Aziz, A. bin A., & Masuwd, M. (2025). Integrating Al-Ghazali’s Educational Philosophy: Advancing Transformative Learning in Islamic Schools in the Digital Era. SYAMIL: Journal of Islamic Education, 13(1 SE-Articles), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.21093/sy.v13i1.10263
Ichwan, M. N., Asy’Ari Ulama’I, A. H., Masuwd, M. A., & Abdulghani, N. A. (2024). Sufism And Quranic Interpretation: Bridging Spirituality, Culture, and Political Discourse in Muslim Societies. Ulumuna, 28(2), 655–680. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v28i2.1082
Ikhlas, R. Z., Ulwi, K., & Patri, P. (2025). Arabic Language Program Management for Muhadatsah Class. Journal of Arabic Literature, Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 27–37.
Kamali, M. H., Eriouiche, M., & Mohadi, M. (2024). مقاصد الشريعة والاجتهاد. Journal of Contemporary Maqasid Studies, 3(1), 145–174. https://doi.org/10.52100/jcms.v3i1.134
Kasheem, A., Baroud, N., & Almajri, S. K. (2025). the Role of Emotional Intelligence in Enhancing Teacher-Student Relationships in Rural Schools. Sibatik Journal, 4(8), 1693–1704. https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v4i8.3158
Khairunisa, F., Kaema, M. T., & Ibrahim, B. (2025). The Effect of Instagram Reels on Arabic Vocabulary Learning Outcomes. Journal of Arabic Literature, Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 47–54.
Laldin, M. A., & Furqani, H. (2013). The Foundations of Islamic Finance and the Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʻah Requirements. Journal of Islamic Finance, 2(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.12816/0001115
Lestari, R. H. S., Damayanti, A. K., & Masuwd, M. A. (2025). Optimising Societal Welfare: Al-Insyiroh: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 11(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.35309/alinsyiroh.v11i1.363
Mahmudin, M., Nafi, M., & Masuwd, M. (2025). Sharia Insurance Controversy: Fatwa Review and Its Development. Waralaba : Journal Of Economics and Business, 1(3), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.61590/waralaba.v1i3.217
Manshur, U., Nur Hadi, & Mowafg Abrahem Masuwd. (2025). Classical Cooperative Learning Model for Reading Classic Literature: Enhancing Student Independence through Self-Regulation. Izdihar : Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature, 8(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v8i1.36829
Masuwd, M. A. (2024). Islamic Pluralism and Küng’s Global Ethical Discourse: Toward a “Global-Maqāṣid” Centered Paradigm. Ittesaal – Journal of Connecting Discourses, 1(2), 41–63. https://journal.ehya.com.pk/ijcd/article/view/9
Mohadi, M., & Tarshany, Y. (2023). Maqasid Al-Shari’ah and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Contemporary Maqasid Studies, 2(2), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.52100/jcms.v2i2.107
Mustafa, N. N. B., Elita, R., Guspita, R., & Vanessa, A. D. (2025). Tahfidz Teachers’ Strategies in Improving the Memorization Skills of Slow Learners. Al-Hashif: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pendidikan Islam, 3(1), 12–24.
Mustapha, R., & Malkan, S. N. A. (2025). Maqasid Al-Shariah in the AI Era: Balancing Innovation and Islamic Ethical Principles. International Journal of Islamic Theology & Civilization (E-ISSN-3009-1551), 3(3), 1–21.
Nahid Ayad, Mowafg Abrahem Masuwd, & Safa Alrumayh. (2025). From Riba to Zakat: An Analytical Study of Islamic Economic Principles and Their Distinction from Conventional Economics. Bulletin of Islamic Research, 3(4), 733–752. https://doi.org/10.69526/bir.v3i4.358
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Primarni, A., Masuwd, M., Makmudi, M., Fa’atin, S., & Nuhdi, A. (2025). The implementation of the theoretical humanism paradigm in holistic education. Journal of Research in Instructional, 5(1), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.30862/jri.v5i1.601
Rahman, I., Kustati, M., & Sepriyanti, N. (2024). Sustainable Development: Implementation of The Talqin Method In Memorizing The Quran. Jurnal Kepemimpinan Dan Pengurusan Sekolah, 9(1), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.34125/jkps.v9i1.355
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References
Akem, U., Hamdan, N. M., ISkandar, M. Y., Efendi, E., & Halimahturrafiah, N. (2025). Digital Technology in Quranic Learning: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 139–154. https://joqer.intischolar.id/index.php/joqer/index
Akmal, F., Guspita, R., & Hafis, A. (2024). Principal Management in Improving Infrastructure in Junior High Schools. Khalaqa: Journal of Education and Learning, 2(1), 87–94.
Ali Abdulghani, N., & Husayn Alrumayh, S. (2025). an Islamic Legal Perspective on Contemporary Health Issues: Integrating Traditional and Modern Approaches. Jurnal Ilmu Psikologi Dan Kesehatan (SIKONTAN), 3(4), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.47353/sikontan.v3i4.2785
Alriteemi, A., Mowafg Masuwd, Masoud, M., Alsayd, A., Aboujanah, Y., Alrumayh, S., & Ayad, N. (2025). The Geography of Place in the Qur’anic Narrative: A Hermeneutical Study of the Story of Moses and Al-Khidr through the Lenses of Philosophical Symbolism and Pedagogical Perception. Tebuireng: Journal of Islamic Studies and Society, 6(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.33752/tjiss.v6i1.9813
Alrumayh, S., Ayad, N., Alouzi, K., Ibrahim, D., Abdullah, M., Masoud, M., & Kasheem, M. (2025). Perceptions of Islamic Studies, Sharia, and Law Students Towards the Use of Artificial Intelligence in English Learning. Action Research Journal Indonesia (ARJI), 7(3), 2238 – 2256. https://doi.org/10.61227/arji.v7i3.504
Alsayd, A., Masoud, M., Abdullah, M., Alzletni, N., Maati, A., Barka, A., & Baroud, N. (2025). Postgraduate Students’ Usage Patterns, Perceptions, and Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence Applications in Learning: A Case Study of the University of Zawia, Libya. Journal of Education and Teacher Training Innovation, 3(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.61227/jetti.v3i1.149
Baroud, N., Ardila, Y., Akmal, F., & Sabrina, R. (2025). Opportunities and Challenges for Islamic Education Teachers in Using Artificial Intelligence in Learning. Muaddib: Journal of Islamic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 1–11.
Cholidi, M. F., & Masuwd, M. A. (2025). Evaluating Tafsir Maqāṣidī As A Framework For Ecological Crisis Moderation. ZAD Al-Mufassirin, 7(1), 54–74. https://doi.org/10.55759/zam.v7i1.261
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Alias, M., Guspita, B., & Albizar, R. (2025). Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence in Qur’anic Learning: Innovation or Threat? Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 1–17. https://joqer.intischolar.id/index.php/joqer/index
Engkizar, E., Jaafar, A., Masuwd, M. A., Rahman, I., Datres, D., Taufan, M., Akmal, F., Dasrizal, D., Oktavia, G., Yusrial, Y., & Febriani, A. (2025). Challenges and Steps in Living Quran and Hadith Research: An Introduction. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA, 8(3), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v8i3.396
Engkizar, E., K, M., Kaputra, S., Arifin, Z., Syafril, S., Anwar, F., & Mutathahirin, M. (2021). Building of Family-based Islamic Character for Children in Tablighi Jamaat Community. Ta’dib, 24(2), 299. https://doi.org/10.31958/jt.v24i2.4847
Engkizar, E., Muslim, H., Mulyadi, I., & Putra, Y. A. (2025). Ten Criteria for an Ideal Teacher to Memorize the Quran. Journal of Theory and Research Memorization Quran, 1(1), 26–39. https://joqer.intischolar.id/index.php/joqer
Faddhia, N., Alias, M. F. ., & Urfa, W. (2025). The effect of hot seat strategy on the 1st intermediate students’ Reading comprehension. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(5), 1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.18844/CJES.V15I5.5153
Febriani, A., Miftahurrahmah, M., Pajaria, S. A., & Nurhaliza, S. (2020). Six Motivations for Students to Take Tutoring. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education (IJMURHICA), 3(3), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijmurhica.v3i3.192
Hajijah, A., Nasution, M., Hasibuan, N. A. P., Hilda, L., & Baroud, N. Y. (2025). Fostering Critical Thinking through Socio-Scientific Issue-Based Problem-Based Learning in Stoichiometry Instruction. JTK (Jurnal Tadris Kimiya), 10(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.15575/jtk.v10i1.43992
Hasanuddin, Masuwd, M., Ridwan, M., Mustamin, S. W., Saleh, M., & Fitrayani. (2024). Legal Reform of Consumer Privacy Rights Protection in Online Transactions Based on Islamic Economic Law Principles. Jurnal Hukum Islam, 22(2), 313–342. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v22i2.03
Htay, S. S., Po, E. T. H., & Kaewkanlaya, P. (2025). Building Student Character through Worship in Elementary Schools. Muaddib: Journal of Islamic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 55–63.
Husayn, E., Alrumayh, S., Kasheem, M., Ibrahim, D., Alouzi, K., Shalghoum, N., & Almajri, S. (2025). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Knowledge Management: Faculty Perspectives from the University of Zawia’s Faculties of Economics, Management, and Law. Journal of Education and Teacher Training Innovation, 3(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.61227/jetti.v3i1.163
Husin, H., Aziz, A. bin A., & Masuwd, M. (2025). Integrating Al-Ghazali’s Educational Philosophy: Advancing Transformative Learning in Islamic Schools in the Digital Era. SYAMIL: Journal of Islamic Education, 13(1 SE-Articles), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.21093/sy.v13i1.10263
Ichwan, M. N., Asy’Ari Ulama’I, A. H., Masuwd, M. A., & Abdulghani, N. A. (2024). Sufism And Quranic Interpretation: Bridging Spirituality, Culture, and Political Discourse in Muslim Societies. Ulumuna, 28(2), 655–680. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v28i2.1082
Ikhlas, R. Z., Ulwi, K., & Patri, P. (2025). Arabic Language Program Management for Muhadatsah Class. Journal of Arabic Literature, Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 27–37.
Kamali, M. H., Eriouiche, M., & Mohadi, M. (2024). مقاصد الشريعة والاجتهاد. Journal of Contemporary Maqasid Studies, 3(1), 145–174. https://doi.org/10.52100/jcms.v3i1.134
Kasheem, A., Baroud, N., & Almajri, S. K. (2025). the Role of Emotional Intelligence in Enhancing Teacher-Student Relationships in Rural Schools. Sibatik Journal, 4(8), 1693–1704. https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v4i8.3158
Khairunisa, F., Kaema, M. T., & Ibrahim, B. (2025). The Effect of Instagram Reels on Arabic Vocabulary Learning Outcomes. Journal of Arabic Literature, Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 47–54.
Laldin, M. A., & Furqani, H. (2013). The Foundations of Islamic Finance and the Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʻah Requirements. Journal of Islamic Finance, 2(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.12816/0001115
Lestari, R. H. S., Damayanti, A. K., & Masuwd, M. A. (2025). Optimising Societal Welfare: Al-Insyiroh: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 11(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.35309/alinsyiroh.v11i1.363
Mahmudin, M., Nafi, M., & Masuwd, M. (2025). Sharia Insurance Controversy: Fatwa Review and Its Development. Waralaba : Journal Of Economics and Business, 1(3), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.61590/waralaba.v1i3.217
Manshur, U., Nur Hadi, & Mowafg Abrahem Masuwd. (2025). Classical Cooperative Learning Model for Reading Classic Literature: Enhancing Student Independence through Self-Regulation. Izdihar : Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature, 8(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v8i1.36829
Masuwd, M. A. (2024). Islamic Pluralism and Küng’s Global Ethical Discourse: Toward a “Global-Maqāṣid” Centered Paradigm. Ittesaal – Journal of Connecting Discourses, 1(2), 41–63. https://journal.ehya.com.pk/ijcd/article/view/9
Mohadi, M., & Tarshany, Y. (2023). Maqasid Al-Shari’ah and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Contemporary Maqasid Studies, 2(2), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.52100/jcms.v2i2.107
Mustafa, N. N. B., Elita, R., Guspita, R., & Vanessa, A. D. (2025). Tahfidz Teachers’ Strategies in Improving the Memorization Skills of Slow Learners. Al-Hashif: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pendidikan Islam, 3(1), 12–24.
Mustapha, R., & Malkan, S. N. A. (2025). Maqasid Al-Shariah in the AI Era: Balancing Innovation and Islamic Ethical Principles. International Journal of Islamic Theology & Civilization (E-ISSN-3009-1551), 3(3), 1–21.
Nahid Ayad, Mowafg Abrahem Masuwd, & Safa Alrumayh. (2025). From Riba to Zakat: An Analytical Study of Islamic Economic Principles and Their Distinction from Conventional Economics. Bulletin of Islamic Research, 3(4), 733–752. https://doi.org/10.69526/bir.v3i4.358
Okenova, B., Xu, W., & Adel, S. (2025). The Practice of Moderate Education to Prevent Interreligious Conflict. Muaddib: Journal of Islamic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 36–54.
Oktavia, G., Febriani, A., Hasnah, H., Sabrina, V., & Rahman, I. (2024). Enam Metode Menghafal Al-Qur’an Mahasiswa di Perguruan Tinggi Al-Qur’an Indonesia. Jurnal Kepemimpinan Dan Pengurusan Sekolah, 9(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.34125/jkps.v9i1.105
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